Medieval Music essays

Medieval Music essays Modern music of the western world has its roots in medieval music. It may seem illogical, but it is actually quite true. Some music in America even has routes from medieval times in the western world. Modes, notation, polyphony music, and other musical ideas of this sort date back to these times. Also, ideas of polyphony music from the Middle Ages are the foundation in much of western music. However, the medieval musical experience is impossible to recapture, for most of the music of daily life is lost (Cyrus 1). But still, one can see how important this time in musical growth was, because their ideas have survived for us to use. Firstly, troubadours and trouvres are a topic worth knowing about. They were typical medieval people. In the medieval world, the troubadours and trouvres traveled around singing to praise noble women and the knights who loved them. But there was a difference between a troubadour and trouvre. Troubadours were the poets who were associated with Provencal, the language of Provence France. A trouvre was a poet who spoke a variation of the French language. As said, these poets admired women. The most admired women of the times lived from 1122 to 1204. Her name was Eleanor of Aquitaine. Troubadours flocked to her court in the French duchy of Aquitaine (Krieger 240). Later after her court, Eleanor of Aquitaine became Queen of England. Also, she became the proud mother of Richard the Lionhearted who composed many romantic poems and songs, which would make him a Troubadour. Secondly, the instruments of the Middle Ages are unique parts of the music and they each have their own stories. However, many of todays instruments have their roots in medieval culture. Anyway, the first instrument is the organ. Its story starts when, the early Church Fathers were deeply opposed to the use of instruments within the liturgy (Seay 71)...

How to Survive NaNoWriMo in 2018 17 Top Tips for Success

How to Survive NaNoWriMo in 2018 17 Top Tips for Success How to Survive NaNoWriMo in 2018: 17 Top Tips for Success You might not like to hear this.But NaNoWriMo can often take a toll on you mentally and even creatively.It might not make sense to you now, but you’ll understand just how much NaNoWriMo can affect you in a little bit.First, let’s talk about what makes NaNoWriMo unique and special.What is NaNoWriMo?NaNoWriMo is short for National Novel Writing Month.It’s an event that takes place over the course of November where writers from all over commit to writing 50,000 words during the month. That’s the main goal and if you accomplish this, that’s how you WIN NaNoWriMo.So unfortunately, no, NaNoWriMo not some sort of nanobotthat you can implant in your mind to write your book for you.The entire point is to help writers have a month of very high productivity so they can get the first draft out of the way in order to pave the way for editing, rewriting, and overall polishing.What can take writers months to accomplish (50,000 words) only needs to take one so the book gets finished faster.Here are your daily, weekly, and total goals for NaNoWriMo. If youre someone who likes to work on a weekly basis instead of a daily, this will help you.How to Prepare for NaNoWriMoOne of the best things you can do if you want to win NaNoWriMo is to prepare properly. There’s a reason those who participate dub October as Preptober. Here are a few things you can do to make sure you’re ready when NaNoWriMo comes to town.#1 Download your survival guide!When it comes to making it through NaNoWriMo, you might need help. It’ll be a tough month and that’s why we put together this survival guide for you to follow.It covers expanded preparation steps as well as resources to help you get through the month.Make sure to download this if you want to win NaNoWriMo this year! #2 Pick a storyIf you haven’t already, you have to decide which story you’re going to write. If you’re anything like me, you might have tons of book ideas bouncing around inside your head.So how do you choose which to write and which to save for later?Here are a few questions I like to ask myself when deciding which story to try first:Which do you think about the most?Which is developed the most?Which one is a book you’d be most likely to pick up and read yourself?Which one have you been thinking of as you read these questions?Chances are, there’s one idea that stands out to you above all the rest. Even if the others are good, the story you’re most connected to and think about the most is the one you’ll actually enjoy writing the most.And since you’ll be spending a great deal of time on this book over the next month, actually enjoying it is very important.Pick the one that has your passion and run with it.#3 OUTLINEI’m a personal advocate of outlining. My outlines are very detailed and I want to basically have an instruction manual for my book.That being said, it’s understandable that not everyone works well with an outline. Maybe it’s not for you.However, going into NaNoWriMo completely blind is a mistake.You at least want to have an overview of the plot and the major plot points figured out so you have a direction in which to write.For those of you who need outlining, make sure it’s done before November starts!That clear, step-by-step overview of your book will be extremely helpful for saving time. You’ll be able to sit down and get to writing instead of spending so much time trying to figure out where your story is going.#4 Join support groupsGoing through something as arduous as NaNoWriMo requires some backuppreferably in the form of friends or just other people participating as well.You all know that it’s going to be hard and therefore, you can count on sup port groups to help propel you through the tough times.Support groups are your best bet to stay motivated throughout the entire month. Plus, anyone who’s a part of those groups is usually more than willing to help when you get stuck on your story, too.So where do you find groups like these?You can follow specific hashtags or accounts on Twitter, or you can join Facebook groups dedicated to NaNoWriMo.Here are a few Facebook groups you can join right now to help you make it through:Official NaNoWriMo PageNaNoWriMoNaNoWriMo 20182018 NaNoWriMo Support Encouragement#5 Get in the right mindsetThe reason NaNoWriMo is so difficult isn’t because of the fact that you’re writing a book; it’s because you’re writing so much of your book in such a short amount of time. It’s scary.And that can be intimidating to a number of people most of us, I’d wager to bet.That means one of your biggest obstacles isn’t plotting your novel or making sure you’re physically prepared, it’s making sure you’re mentally ready to complete such a tough goal.That means focusing on your inspiration, motivation, and staying positive!You can find other methods of maintaining the right mindset in our NaNoWriMo survival guide.#6 Schedule your writing time This is one of the absolute best ways to ensure you actually make it through NaNoWriMo in one piece and even win!It’s as simple as making a schedule for yourself and then sticking to it.Anyone can mark their days to write on a calendar but it takes a special kind of writer to sit down daily and hit those word count goals.We actually put together a progress tracking and planning spreadsheet that calculates your percentage completed in our NaNoWriMo survival guide! You can find what that looks like below.You can use this all year round, not just in November. Give it a download if you want to make some real progress this month.NaNoWriMo-Winning HabitsBeing able to win NaNoWriMo is the entire goal of entering. You want to complete 50,000 words in a single month. But that’s much easier said than done.I decided to pull out the big guns and ask for some help from my personal Twitter followers since I know many of them participate in this yearly.I tweeted out asking for help, and they did NOT disappoint.I NEED YOUR HELP: #Nanowrimo writers, what are some of your tips for surviving the month of November to win NaNoWriMo? Im putting together a blog post for @self_pub_school and need your help.Whether you won or have not yet completed it, I still want your help!- Bella Rose Pope (@BellaRosePope) October 15, 2018Here are some of the tips I received on the thread of this tweet along with some extended tips to help you make the most of NaNoWriMo this month.#1 Pick a daily word count and focus on hitting that onlyWhen you think about the overall goal of writing 50,000, you might begin to sweat, get anxious, and even feel discouraged.Because it is a lot of words to write in a single month.But one of the biggest tips experienced NaNoWriMo-ers have for anyone venturing to accomplish such an audacious goal is to only focus on hitting your daily goal.So instead of thinking about it as 50,000 words a month, think of it as 1667 words a day.This helps your mind process the amount better so you don’t get so overwhelmed.#2 Put together writing playlistsInspiration doesn’t just exactly come around whenever you want it to. Sometimes it hides away like you might when winter comes around (just me?).But the thing is, if every writer waited for inspiration to find them in order to write, hardly any of us would get our books done and we’d definitely not make it through NaNoWriMo with 50,000 words accomplished.So instead, you might have to coax inspiration from the outskirts of your mind and one way many writers do this is through music.Create a playlist that fits with the style of your story and turn it on whenever you s it down to write. It can serve as inspiration and a mental cue for your mind to get ready to work.#3 Have writing motivation and inspiration handyJust like I mentioned above, you won’t always want to write but in order to hit your goal for November, you need to write daily (unless you want to sit and write huge chunks of words a couple days a week).When you keep visuals, quotes, and even other novels that have inspired your own writing journey handy, it’s much easier to get in the mood to crank out some high-quality words.#4 Commit to NOT editing at allThis is one of the hardest parts for many who’ve done NaNoWriMo before.They can get the words down, but only if they don’t stop to edit as they go.Your first draft is better done than perfect, which is the entire point of NaNoWriMo in the first place. So put the editor part of your mind on hold and let your writer-brain take full ownership over the next month.#5 Ask friends/family to leave you aloneI rea lize this might sound harsh but NaNoWriMo is a commitment. You can’t have friends and family bugging you when it’s your designated writing time.In order to succeed with NaNoWriMo, it’s best to make it clear to everyone around you that you’ll be unreachable for a specific amount of time whenever you write.If you set that expectation early on and be stern about it, it’ll be easier to avoid this type of distraction throughout the month.#6 Recruit a close accountability partnerIf writing groups don’t work for you because your posts get lost in the mix, pairing up with someone for one-on-one accountability might be a better option for you.You can check-in daily and give each other support and encouragement when it gets tough.And trust me, by the second week, you’ll need someone there to push you along and remind you why you started this lofty task in the first place.#7 Use a distraction-free writing appThere are a ton of writing software and apps out there designed to help you write and write faster.One of the best to use is an app called Freedom.What this app does is cut off access to certain websites or apps for a determined amount of time. Whenever you try to visit those sites (like Twitter) during the time you have scheduled to write, you’ll receive this message:This prevents you from procrastinating or getting too distracted, which hinders your word count progress.The idea here is that this app â€Å"frees† you from the addiction and distraction of sites you know you get sucked into easily.#8 Turn your notifications offThis is for your phone, social media, email, and any other notifications that might pop up during your writing time.If you use the app mentioned above, this will be a little easier, but you also have to manually keep your phone far away from you so even text messages won’t break through your concentration.Just me, those messages will still be there by the time you’r e done with writing.#9 Never guilt-shame yourselfThis will be very hard if, for whatever reason, you don’t end up hitting your word count goal daily. You’ll start to shame yourself, even if only internally.This isn’t productive in any way, shape, or form and it’ll only slow you down further.Instead, you should recognize when you’re behind, and then schedule the time to catch up if hitting that 50,000 words is truly important to you.And if you need a little bit more to help you out with this one, just remember that no matter what, you’re making progress on your book and that alone is a major accomplishment.#10 Just writeNaNoWriMo is all about just making progress. That progress doesnt have to be the best version of what you can do, it just has to be progress.You can forget all about making your manuscript all shiny and perfect. Instead, just focus on pumping out those words.Write to the best of your ability given the time you have to hit th ose words.After all, the large majority of us tend to write best once we get into the groove of just writing anyway. And that means if you shut off the self-critical part of your brain for a while, you can make some major strides.#11 Go easy on yourselfCut yourself some slack. You’re not perfect and writing can be very difficult.If something comes up and you’re not able to write for a day, just forget about it and get back on track the next.There’s no point in driving yourself crazy over missing a few thousand words because like I said above, you’re still making progress on your book and that’s the entire point of NaNoWriMo in the first place.What to do Next Only if You’re SeriousWriting a book isn’t for those who just choose to do it on a whim. Those people aren’t serious and therefore, these next steps won’t help them.But if you are completely serious about writing and completing a book, we have a few next steps that will help you get there.#1 Your free trainingIf you haven’t taken advantage of this free training offered by Chandler Bolt, you’re making a mistake.

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Research Paper

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis - Research Paper Example cumstances, which justify the actions of law enforcement officers to enter a house without a warrant as demonstrated in the case discussed in this paper. Law enforcement officers answered a disturbance call near Allen Road in Brownstown, Michigan. Officer Christopher Goolsby later bore witness that, as he and his colleague drew near the area, a couple directed them to a house, in which they narrated that a man â€Å"was going crazy.†The officers proceeded to the residence and discovered the household in complete chaos; this could be manifested by damaged property and traces of blood on the hood of a pick-up truck with a smashed front. Through the window, the police officers could catch a glimpse of Jeremy Fisher inside the house, shouting and tossing objects around. When the law enforcement officers knocked at the door, Jeremy Fisher declined to answer. The officers noticed that Fisher had a cut on his hand; however, the defendant disregarded inquiries concerning whether he needed medical attention. Instead, Fisher demanded that the police officers go and obtain a search warrant (Acker & Brody, 2012). Through the window of the opened door, Officer Goolsby could see Fisher aiming a gun in his direction, which compelled him to retract. Eventually, the officers managed to overpower fisher and secure the premises. Jeremy Fisher was arraigned in court under Michigan law and charged with assault with a lethal weapon, and being in possession of a firearm amid the commission of an offence. The trial court awarded Fisher’s motion to suppress the evidence, concurring with him that the confiscation of the gun contravened of his Fourth Amendment rights (Acker & Malatesta, 2012). The Michigan Court of Appeals sustained the argument (over a dissent by Judge Talbot) that the warrantless intrusion into defendant’s house breached Fisher’s Fourth Amendment rights as the circumstance â€Å"did not match to the point of an emergency validating the warrantless invasion.† The

How health care is organized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How health care is organized - Essay Example Patients commonly visit primary care providers as compared to secondary and tertiary care providers. In case of secondary care, patients visit secondary care providers when they need specialized care services. For example: a person may visit a hospital because he/she may be experiencing cardiac attack. On the tertiary level, care is provided for disease and disorders that are very complex and need to be managed. Basically the structure of healthcare is such that primary healthcare level becomes the base of other health care levels. Those healthcare providers who operate at the primary level tend to work on issues that already exist and solutions for these issues are even available. First the patient visits the primary healthcare facility and if required the primary healthcare service providers tend to refer these patients to secondary healthcare service providers. If the patient needs emergency care or if he needs to be treated for illnesses that are difficult to tackle then only the y either directly visit the secondary or tertiary level healthcare providers or a referred to. There are two models of healthcare organization provided by Lord Dawson during 1920. One of these models is regarded as the regionalized model and this model is profoundly followed by healthcare in most of the nations. In this model health care is divided according to the level of care required (Brown, 1992, p.67). In the regionalized regimented model, first comes the primary care level which provides care which is ambulatory in nature. At this level the healthcare service providers are mostly those who are general physicians and take general issues and diseases into their practice. A very huge population of physicians in UK and other nations work as general physicians. The second level of healthcare is provided at the secondary level which mainly contains physicians who have specialized in some kind of medicine such as those who provide only surgery and those who provide psychiatric servi ces. These physicians either have their own clinics or they work as consultants for certain hospitals and work on patients who have been referred to them by general physicians or service providers of the primary level. The third level of care of the regionalized regimented model provided by the report created by Dawson is the tertiary level of healthcare and this level of healthcare consists of physicians who provide services for very complex issues and these physicians fall in the subcategories of the physicians of the secondary level. These physicians may include surgeons who provide surgery for cardiac issues and immunologists. The second model of healthcare system organization proposed by Dawson was the Dispersed Model in which a proper structure consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary levels do not flow as witnessed in the regionalized model (Bodenheimer, 2009, p.47). This kind of system is followed by the US health care system and in this kind of system referrals conduct ed by the primary level of healthcare does not exist. In this model, patients either use their insurance coverage or their own money to make referrals on their own or can refer themselves to either one of the three levels of healthcare. In the regionalized system, patients tend to first visit a primary healthcare service provider, but in the dispersed system, the patient can directly access the secondary and the tertiary leve

Impacts of Technology on Art

Impacts of Technology on Art Many modern artists use high technology equipment in their works. Whereas traditionally artists used a pencil or brush to make beautiful works of art, artists in the early twenty-first century are now using sound, video or computer generated images. Digital art developed from simple patterns and shapes made using computer programs to finished works of art which can look as realistic as a watercolour or oil painting. Modern art exhibitions often include more videos and installations than traditional painting or drawings. Even artists which use traditional techniques increasingly use modern technology such as the internet to display their works and communicate with other artists. Modern technology provides a means for artists to create works faster with more tools than ever before. I will be discussing the impact of some of these technologies in relation to the art of some modern artists. I will argue that modern technology such as the computer and video is another tool for an artist t o use in their work. I will especially focus on the video artwork of Tracey Moffat and the computer artwork of Lillian Schwartz as but two examples of artists today who use modern techniques. Moffat is an Australian contemporary artist who uses film extensively as an art-form, and many of her works are based on and reflect the modern technology of Hollywood movies and television. Schwartz is an artist who has a long history of using computer technology to experiment ways of creating and manipulating works of art. She has also written extensively about the topic of computer influence in art, and about art produced by computers. Modern technology is having a huge impact on recent art. Modern artists are using new materials and techniques to produce their artworks. Whereas in the past painting and drawing were the main mediums used by artists in their work, now in the 21st century installations, sound, video and computers are becoming more widely used and popular. Artists today are continually experimenting with new technology in different ways, finding new ways to use old mediums and finding new mediums as well. In modern art displays such as the various Biennales held around the world, video plays a dominant role, as well as installation art and increasingly, digital art. There are even exhibitions that solely focus on digital art, such as Ars Electronica held annually in Linz, Austria. The internet is becoming used more with many contemporary artists using it to display their works with online galleries, talk to other artists and sell their works. Internet sites such as deviantart.com or yessy.com offer ar tists an opportunity to sell and display their works and communicate with people throughout the world. Computer programs such as Photoshop and Painter allow artists to easily manipulate photographs and paint pictures using custom artists tools which can create the effects in a few minutes of what previously would have taken months to paint. Many artists today are involved in using digital art technology to produce websites, computer games or online art exhibitions. The conceptart.org website is one example of a site which mostly displays digital art, that has over 100,000 posts by many different people. Digital art is increasingly being displayed in contemporary art exhibitions as well as being online, becoming more popular towards the end of the 20th century. Digital art made its official entry into the art world only in the late 1990s, when museums and galleries began increasingly to incorporate the art form into their shows and dedicate entire exhibitions to it. (Paul 2003: 23) T he impact that these technologies is having on contemporary art is sometimes hard to pin down at one time since they are moving so fast that they are constantly changing and being updated. However, while modern technology provides artists with many opportunities and ways to produce art, it still functions similar to any other artists tool of the past. Films are being produced for art galleries just as paintings were made for exhibiting by the impressionists, such as the films made by Tracey Moffat. Tracey Moffat is inspired by images which come from television and movies to make her own films. These films show that she is not only using new technology to display art, but her ideas for the films are based on the technology itself. In one of her recent films, Artist, Moffat shows a collection of clips from movies and television programs which show how Hollywood and contemporary society depicts artists. By showing popular television shows slant on what the idea of an artist means to modern society, this reflects the view of the ordinary person, who can sometimes misunderstand contemporary art. This film reflects the sometimes uninformed, sometimes humorous view of society towards artists today. She shows a clip from the Agony and the Ecstasy with Michelangelo destroying his first painting in the Sistine Chapel, a comic scene from the movie Batman with Rembrandts and Degas paintings being vandalised by the Joker and a scene from the television show Absolutely Fabulous, as well as o ther scenes from art movies such as Surviving Picasso. This clever 10 minute documentary gives an excellent insight in the way artists are perceived in modern society, how five decades of mainstream media have perceived the creative process and creators themselves (http://www.wmm.com/Catalog/_makers/fm253.htm), especially given that the word artist now more often than not in popular usage such as on television and on the radio, refers to a musician rather than a visual artist, with many people today sometimes confused by a postmodernist style of visual art where anything is allowed and considered art. In another of her short films, Lip, Moffat shows clips put together of black servants in Hollywood movies talking back to their bosses, in what she is trying to show is the discrimination which is often evident in films towards minorities, and reveals the narrow margin Hollywood has allowed black actresses to shine in (http://www.wmm.com/Catalog/_makers/fm253.htm) While watching the fi lms the racism in the movie may be subtle, but when she appropriates many images from different films and puts them together it is much more apparent. In many of her films and images Tracey Moffat has used a style which is close to an appropriation similar to that done by other postmodern artists. In the series of photographs called GUAPA (Good Looking) (Fig.4) she shows photographs of people from different races roller-skating in a rink as though it were a contest with a referee, the image borrowed from similar television images. She uses a soft magenta colour effect in the images, which contrasts with the action which is taking place. The people in the film are dressed in unusual outfits, which gives an impression possibly of a futuristic sport. In one of Moffats films, Heaven (Fig.2), she shows footage of men getting changed in a car park near a beach, and she takes the position with the camera of someone watching who possibly is not supposed to, or whom the people in the film are uncomfortable with having there. She is someone watching the surfers who is not supposed to, shamelessly plays voyeur to a succession of surfers chang ing into their wetsuits in parking lots (http://www.renaissancesociety.org/ show/moffat/index.html) Once again, Moffat is responding to the programs shown on television and in the movies, and by making art on this theme it shows that television and movies are influencing the art which is being displayed in contemporary art galleries. This film makes art out of a seemingly ordinary activity, includes shots of a car as seen from the inside and outside, as well as surfers wearing ordinary clothes and jewellery. She appropriates these symbols of modern life such as the cars and modern clothing and uses them in an artistic way to express the voyeur theme which she is trying to get across. In her film, Bedevil (Fig.3) which is composed of three separate films, Moffat appropriates images from modern life such as the American soldier in the first story Mister Chuck, the railway tracks in the second Choo Choo Choo Choo and the landlord and eviction in the third Lovin the Spin Im in. The imag es from these films have been partly inspired by memories from her early life. Tracey Moffat uses for inspiration in many of her films the movies and television programs she remembers from her childhood. Modern technology in this way is having an impact on the art produced by artists such as Moffat, who bases her ideas directly upon ideas coming from these things. In her films, she uses imagery which comes from popular culture, from television programs and movies that she has seen including from sources which are not often seen as part of the art world, such as B-grade television programs and television advertisements. She makes use of the stylistic resources of advertising and even so-called trash-TV' (Reinhardt 1999: 7) She grew up in Brisbane in the 1960s, and during this time experienced much of popular culture through different types of modern culture on the new technological tools of television and cinema, from melodramas to deeply surreal film noir (Sever 2001: 12) She also uses modern music in her films such as with cuts showing Jimmie Little singing in the film Night Cries (Fig.1). This film shows a woman caring for her dying mother, as well as showing many years before the woman as a young child at the beach with her mother who is much younger then. Moffat has used the film to create an effect similar to that of Frederick McCubbins The Pioneer which shows a dying person on one side and the same person much younger on the other. This gives the audience a feeling of sadness as they think about all the events which the person went through in their lifetime. The audience would see the way the woman would feel bound to care for her mother in the same way that her mother cared for her when she was a child. Moffat also has considered using computers in manipulating photographic images, because the number of things she can do is greatly increased with many computing tools available for the artist. Photography is always a wonderful challenge Of course now with computer manipulations the possibilities make you exhausted even thinking about it. (Tracey Moffat, quoted in Hentschel 1998: 23) American artist Lillian Schwartz made many experiments with computer art during her long career. Computers are being used by recent artists as tools with which to analyse and create works of art. Schwartz was one of the first artists to experiment with computer images and computer effects on art. She worked closely with scientists in the 1970s in the early stages of computer development, and developed one of the first rock music videos. She also made one of the first digitised films to be shown as a work of art, her video Pixillation showing diagonal red squares and other shapes such as cones, pyramids on black on white backgrounds. This video is regarded as one of the most important early works of computer film art which with her other work is now considered seminal works of computer artcomposed of programmed abstract images. (Rush 1999: 172) She worked in the early stages of her career with scientists as Bell Laboratories developing mixtures of sound, video and art. Later on, durin g the 1980s, Schwartz made many experiments with artworks manipulating images using computer technology and creating some artworks of her own. Schwartz extensively used the works of Leonardo Da Vinci in experiments with computers. These experiments showed some of the ways in which computers can be used to change and develop images. These images expand the audiences perception of artworks which they already know. She used a 3D computer generated model to show that the lines on the Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan match the perspective lines of Leonardos fresco painting of the Last Supper, showing that his painting may have been designed to appear as an extension to the room from where the monks would have been sitting to observe it. Thus technology has given a new dimension to the painting by allowing viewers to better understand why it possibly had been made. Similarly, in Schwartzs most famous work, the Mona Leo (Fig.5), she spliced the left side of the Mona Lisa (Fig.6) with a flipped left side of the red chalk portrait of Leonardo (Fig.7), arguing that the Mona Lisa is a self-portrait by Leonardo. She shows that the Leo nardo self portrait and the Mona Lisa line up perfectly, as when the two images noses were aligned the rest of the face lined up exactly. Using lines drawn on the image, she shows the bottom of the eye, eyebrow, nose and chin all line up together. She also removes the grey tones in the Leonardo self portrait and superimposes the Mona Lisa eye over it in further experiments to show how the images are closely related. Without the aid of a computer, these experiments would take a much longer amount of time, for instance if she was to paint the Mona Leo by hand. Her new works each function as separate works of art in themselves with all the characteristics of a work of art, so the computer is a tool which creates art just as a paintbrush does. This can be considered an art of appropriation, as where an artist has borrowed the images of another artist to create a new work. Schwartz uses computers to manipulate many other images which relate to art and art history, creating new works of art. Schwartzs experiments with computers to manipulate images were done decades before digital art became popular in the late 1990s. She used shapes generated by a computer to make images on the computer screen, such as using trapezium shapes to create an object recognisable as a cat (Fig. 8), as well as triangle shapes to represent a human head. (Fig. 9) She also experimented with ways to superimpose multiple images onto another recognisable image in an effect of a collage, as with Statue of Liberty (Fig.10) and Homage to Van Gogh (Fig.11) Computers applied in such ways can create collages and images faster than possible by hand. These images function not only as experiments with computer work, but also as works of art in themselves. Statue of Liberty is composed of different elements which have been put together using a computer, similar to Cubist collages and Dadaist photomontages of the early 20th century. She warped images of faces of Rembrandt into a photo of Einstein, showing similarities in the facial features (Fig. 12), a task which would be almost impossible to do by hand, but only take a few seconds with the aid of a computer. She similarly combined images of works of art in a poster for the Museum of Modern Art in New York in her poster Big MoMA (Fig. 13), an also near impossible task by hand, but relatively easy with computers, and still creating a legitimate award winning work of art. The role of computers to be used by the artist has been addressed by Schwartz. Computers can today perform many functions for the artist, from creating artworks through altering photography or by flipping shapes, changing colours, adding tones and a seemingly infinite amount of other uses. Computer artists can create interactive images, robot installations, digitalised and/or 3 dimensional images. Many of the ways which this latest technology is used to create art makes art into a genre becoming close to being a video game or a movie. In her research on computers, Schwartz discusses whether art produced wholly by computers can be considered as art, the question is asked as to what a work of art means, Is it the final piece of art (or output) by which creativity is judged, or is creativity independent of the art. (Schwartz 1992: 256) She asks whether it means that something must be produced creatively, or are people impressed with the craftsmanship and effort that has gone into a work such as a Michelangelo or Titian when they think of it as art. For if it is only the craftsmanship which makes a work of art then computers can surely produce artworks since they have the ability to work faster than humans in many ways. Paint and brushes can be regarded as technology of sorts because they are implements which are made for the artist to use in his painting, just as a painting computer program is there for an artist to create his works on. The Renaissance artists had assistants to mix paints, prepare canvases, or in the case of Rubens even finish off the painting. The computer can be regarded as assistant which allows the artist greater time to put into creative ideas, and less into repetitive tasks which can easily handled by a computer. The computer is very much like an apprentice Since the master (the programmer or artist) does not have to be present for many of these operations, it seems as if the computer is acting in place of the artist. We have again found our scientist-artist, and it is the computer itself. (Schwartz 1992: 233) Video and computers are having a huge influence on modern art. Modern art exhibitions are increasingly incorporating the use of both video and computers, as well as other technologies. In addition, artists such as Moffat are using ideas obtained from new media such as television and Hollywood movies which are being displayed in art galleries. Schwartz uses computers to manipulate images and create new works of art. Art is continuing to change with the introduction of new technologies. Artists are effectively using these technologies in their works, and will almost certainly continue to do so in the future. Moffats use of film and Schwartzs use of computers shows that these new media can and are often used in art, and are every bit as valid a medium as a paintbrush or pencil. Reference List Books Cooke, Lynne and Kelly, Karen 1998, Tracey Moffat: Free-Falling. Dia Center for the Arts, New York, USA Duckrey, Timothy 1999, Ars Electronica: Facing the Future. A Survey of Two Decades, Massachusetts institute of Technology, USA Goodman, Cynthia 1987, Digital Visions. Computers and Art. Harry N. Abrams inc. publishers, New York, USA Hentschel, Martin 1998, Tracey Moffat, Wurttembergischer Kunstverein, Stuttgart, Germany Hertz, Richard and Klein, Norman 1990, Twentieth Century Art Theory. Urbanism, Politics and Mass Culture, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, USA. Lucie-Smith, Edward 1995, Movements in art since 1945. Issues and concepts, Thames and Hudson, London, UK Paul, Christiane 2003, Digital Art, Thames Hudson, London, UK Popper, Frank 1997, Art of the Electronic Age, Thames Hudson, London, UK Reinhardt, Brigitte 1999, Tracey Moffatt. Laudanum, Hatje Cantz Publishers, Ostfildern, Germany Rush, Michael 1999, New Media in Late 20th Century Art. Thames Hudson, London, UK Schwartz, Lillian F. 1992, The Computer Artists Handbook. Concepts, Techniques and Applications. WW Norton Co. Inc, New York, USA Sever, Nancy 2001, Tracey Moffat. Invocations, ANU Drill Hall Gallery, Australia

Documentary

Documentaries are an important way in determining the way we construct history and memory. The word document is originated from the Latin word docere, which means to teach. It is also used to describe a piece of paper that demonstrates evidence. Today, films, photographs, and even recordings are correspondingly considered as documents. In Robert Coles book Doing documentary work, Chapter one â€Å"The Work: Locations in Theory† he claims that when doing a documentary, the researcher must express his or her perspective in the story they choose to tell. A close reading of what they ultimately wrote about their experiences, helps clarify our thinking about the various ways observers can respond to what they have seen and heard and come to believe†(24-25). Robert Cole’s first insight on how the views differ from reality and documentary work was when he wrote about the migrant farm children as a journal read by the physicians and psychiatrists. Writing this journal he came across a problem. Cole said that he tried to describe the various states of mind he observed in the children he met. At one point, however I inadvertently got myself and my editors into some trouble by using the word poignant denial of their very condition as young farm workers† (28). Even though the editor understood what Cole was implying he doubted to eliminate the word because it would â€Å"stand out. † But whether or not one uses descriptive, subjective words such as poignant, â€Å"who we are, determines what we notice and what we regard as worthy of noticing, what we find significant,† Coles says. Throughout Cole’s first chapter he brings upon different forms of documentaries like audio journals and photo essays. Audio journal is a form of documentary communication that uses technology to provide journalistic information to those who are unable to access a printed page or for those who are print disabled. They provide local and national news information and important events. An advantage of having an audio journal is one can have a better understanding of what is going on or being said. Robert Cole classifies tape recorded material as audio journal and explains how helpful these recordings are to better understand of what he is hearing and seeing in connection to his work as a â€Å"participant observer†, work mainly done with SNCC. Cole also felt that he could learn more by being able to listen a second time (36). Another form of a documentary is a photo essay; they rely on simple truth. A photo essay contains a series of photographs that tells a story and attracts the viewer as to just using words. â€Å"A photo essay engages the viewer at a very personal level. While people can respond to written stories intellectually, photography essays often create an instant emotion within the viewer† (photography essay). Robert Cole also provides an example of photo essay. Dorothea Lange, was a portrait photographer of the well-to-do in San Francisco. Photos she took were in the early 1930s during the world of the Great Depression (42). Web exhibits also fall into the category of documentaries. They are like physical museums but to our great advantage it is available at our fingertips. â€Å"A true online exhibit not only promotes discovery and exploration, but it also provides quality information built on a breadth and depth of knowledge, employs a variety of tools that support multiple learning styles, and supports structured educational efforts†(What’s an Exhibit). A benefit to having a web exhibit is that there is no limited space; it can contain much more content than a physical museum. Another advantage is that unlike physical museums, a web exhibit is always available; there is not a set time of visiting hours. All of these examples of documentary work are convenient and a great way to retrieve information. They have also processed information through our generations which created our history. From the very beginnings of life, mankind has found ways to leave a print of its history and life. We can find these early accounts of early life in cave pictures. Without this documentary work we could not been able to understand our past or even look forward to our future.

Should Drugs Be Safe For Consumption - 1688 Words

Imagine that one day you have a sickness, whether it is a cold or something worse. You make an appointment and walk into the hospital to see a doctor. After the appointment, the doctor assures you that it is not a lethal disease but the doctor still prescribes medication to quicken your recovery. You go to the pharmacy and the pharmacist gives you your prescribed medications. However, how do you know that these medications will benefit your health? How do you know that the drugs are safe for you? Every day, men and women enter hospitals because of a doctor’s appointment or because of an infirmity. Most of them will have prescribed drugs from doctors, but none of them will question of the effectiveness and safety of the pharmaceuticals.†¦show more content†¦In short, the sole purpose and mission of the Food and Drug Administration is to check and maintain the safety of all our foods and drugs from causing the citizens harm. Without the FDA, the lives of Americans will be exceedingly more complicated, having to know and learn which types of medicines are safe and if their food is edible. The FDA is a large government organization and this paper will only focus on the FDA’s Drug department. The Administration has been performing well since its creation, banning harmful drugs and maintaining the safety of our daily medications. However, the Food and Drug Administration has been slowly abandoning the mission it once upheld. Many cases about the trustworthiness of the FDA and its approved drugs have risen up over the last few years. People are starting to question the genuineness of the agency because many approved drugs have done harm to the community and leading consumers to hospitalization and even their deaths. Numerous cases of these â€Å"safe† drugs have begun to add up, resulting in permanent damage to their health and their faith in the FDA. Taking drugs is a risk itself and people should not be too judgmental on the FDA. The wo rkers of the FDA have done a brilliant job there, but many of these cases could have been avoided if they were more thorough in their research. Some citizens are also starting to believe that the pharmaceutical industry or Big